Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 28th, 2019

Book Riots Deals of the Day for February 28th, 2019 Sponsored by our giveaway of $100 to Amazon in support of Swords and Spaceships, our sci-fi/fantasy newsletter! These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Hair Story: Untangling the Roots of Black Hair in America by Ayana Byrd and Lori Tharps for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Practical Magic by Alice Hoffman for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. We Are Okay by Nina LaCour for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals The James Beard Cookbook by James Beard for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 2666: A Novel by Roberto Bolaño for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. Previous daily deals that are still active (as of this writing at least). Get em while theyre hot. 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Is There a Relationship between Democracy and GDP Essays

Taking each region in turn, I have identified two states or countries from each of the eight regions. The first two that I have identified are from Latin America. Brazil seems to have the highest GDP economic rank at $2.422 trillion; however their per capita is only $12, 100. The state of Brazil is a democracy and I do think that has some effect on their economic rank because the state equally allows its people to make their own decisions based on social, cultural and ethical values. Perhaps Brazil’s per capita is so low because in 2008 Brazil encountered two quarters of recession. Unemployment is at a notable low and Brazil’s conventionally high level of income inequity has declined in the last 14 years. Next is the state of Mexico, which†¦show more content†¦Moldova is one of the poorest countries in Europe. I believe that Moldova’s economic performance is in relation to the fact that they are not a democratic country because, like I stated before, dem ocracy leads to economic growth and since they do not have a democracy, it has lead to poor economic achievement. Ukraine is also under the form of Republic and is not a democracy. However, Ukraine is doing much better in economic rank than Moldova. The GDP for Ukraine is $337.4 billion and the per capita is $7, 400. Perhaps if the people of Moldova and Ukraine were able to vote, instead of representatives voting for them, their economic rank and per capita would rise. As for the Middle East and North Africa, Egypt is doing quite well for not being a democratic state. Egypt is under the form of Republic and is bringing in an economic GDP rank of $551.4 billion and per capita of $6, 600. Perhaps this is because Egypt is split between where most economic action takes place. Therefore, I don’t believe that economic performance has anything to do with the fact that Egypt is not a democracy. Morocco is a constitutional monarchy, but it is not a democracy. Morocco brings in an economic GDP rank of $180 billion and a per capita of $5, 500. I don’t believe that the economic performance coincides with the fact that it is not a democracy. Morocco may want to rethink their options about turning towards a democracy. It could benefit them, economicallyShow MoreRelatedThe Relationship Between Democracy And The Gdp1215 Words   |  5 Pages3000 Park The Relationship between Democracy and the GDP Democracy is often touted as the greatest change that a country can go through in order to achieve better financial success and therefore a more prosperous life for its people, so it is important to know what influence democracy has on a country and it’s economic success. After exploring previous investigations between democracy and the economy, and creating an empirical research design to evaluate the relationship between the growth orRead MoreDemocracy and Economic Development in Mexico and Russia Essay558 Words   |  3 Pagesit that some countries are classified as developed and others not? What is the criteria used to determine this? Some people believe that within the criteria to evaluate a country’s development, democracy and economic development must be taken into consideration, and that a link exists between them. Democracy can be defined as a form of government in which people choose their leaders by voting, it also implies equal rights and treatment. (M erriam Webster n.d.) By the other hand, economic developmentRead MoreEssay on The Raise of the West1226 Words   |  5 Pagesevidence showing that democracy stimulates economic growth since democratisation often precedes growth. Others may argue that the reverse is true and economic growth is the driving forces behind democratization in the west. For example, the French revolution was partly caused by the rise of the middle class â€Å"Bourgeoisie† in the 18th century demanding more rights than the â€Å"ancien regime† could offer. In this paper, I will analyse and examine the correlation and causal relation between these two factorsRead MoreFdi Is Good As A Matter Of Fact1238 Words   |  5 Pages what are the risk of expropriation, the extent of the development of stock markets, and what is the linkage between democracy and foreign investment (Bekaert, Harvey, Lundblad, 2011; Busse Hefeker, 2007; Eichengreen et al., 2011; Li, 2009). Indeed, this specific research tells little about the host countries in this international flux of investment rather than distinguishing between developed and less-developed countries (LDCs). Within this frame, the literature considered in this overviewRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Towards Belarus1688 Words   |  7 Pagesveil of a political stranglehold cast over it by the looming and neighboring Russia. Freedoms are non-existent, a tyrant maintains control over the country, and democracy is nowhere in sight. I have a few recommendations on how U.S. foreign policy towards Belarus can help fix many of these issues, and help direct the country towards Democracy. First, I will highlight some history on the so called ‘Republic† of Belarus to help put some context on the situation. Belarus became one of the first membersRead MoreIndonesia Is An Archipelago Nation Consisting Of More Than1591 Words   |  7 PagesIndonesia is an archipelago nation consisting of more than 17,000 individual islands. Located primarily in Southeast Asia between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean with some territories located in Oceania. The total area of Indonesia is approximately 1.9 million km2, with a coastline of 81,000 km (CIA 2017). Located in the equatorial zone, Indonesia possesses a Tropical Climate. Weather and climate-related disasters can be common in Indonesia, including occasional floods, droughts, and tsunamisRead MoreEconomy and History of Conflict in Myanmar Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesMyanmar’s GDP in 1990 was 5.2 billion dollars and had per capita GDP of $123; these numbers took inflation account. It is widely accepted that the modern history of Myanmar in 1948 when the country gained independence from Britain. During this period, many scholars were initially optimistic of the potential for rapid economic development in Myanmar because of â€Å"its abundant natural resources, a relatively high literacy rate, absence of population pressure and a rigid caste system, and a relativelyRead MoreDemocracy And Its Impact On The Nation Economically Before Democracy963 Words   |  4 Pages For a nation to possess a sufficiently operating democracy, does the nation itself need to be modernized beforehand? For a state to be effectively governed by a democracy, the state must take actions and follow the steps of modernizing and strongly developing the nation economically before democracy can function correctly. Although there are many different types of structural and voluntarist theories, the history of multiple countries, for example, El Salvador’s hardship in democratizing beforeRead MoreNeoliberalism : A New Economic System1169 Words   |  5 Pagesfour decades impacted U.S labor, finance, immigration, inequality, democracy, and race positively and negatively because there are gains and losses associated with neoliberal ideologies such as free trade and reduced government regulation. Labor was affected negatively because NAFTA gave U.S corporations incentives to build factories in developing countries. The idea of NAFTA is to promote inter-continental trade between U.S, Canada, and Mexico. This, however, caused domestic labor and unionRead MoreDemocracy And The State Of Economic Development1708 Words   |  7 PagesThe remarkable progress for democracy is being witnessed for the past two decades. The number of democratic political systems has climbed from 44 to 107 since 1972. Over half of the 187 countries in the world today, 58 percent have adopted democratic government. To start with, when exactly did modern democracy emerge? Political scientist, Samuel Huntington argues today’s democracies emerged in a series of distinct waves of democratization between 1828 and 1991. Meanwhile, one of the most extensive

The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne Essay - 879 Words

Nathaniel Hawthorne resisted the idea that humanity had divine potential and acknowledged the reality of evil. Hawthorne believed that every society needed to have a jail and grave yard, â€Å" The founders of a new colony, whatever Utopia of human virtue and happiness they might originally project, have invariably recognized it among their earliest practical necessities to allot a portion of the virgin soil as a cemetery, and another portion as the site of a prison† (2331). He thought that people are naturally evil and sin so a jail was needed to keep evil people and influence away from society. Hawthorne’s beliefs are seen in The Scarlet Letter. The reoccurring theme of â€Å"the power of blackness† and the uneven balance of transcendental and†¦show more content†¦As his plan progresses he starts living with the minister and starts to drain the life out of Dimmesdale to expose his secret. As a doctor, Chillingworth is supposed to help save the min isters failing health, but the evil in him is using his poor health to his advantage. After Chillingworth finally hears the secret from Dimmesdale himself, he continues to have an evil spirit, â€Å"†¦old Roger Chillingworth was a striking evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a devil, if he will only, for a reasonable space of time, undertake a devil’s office† (2396). Hester believes that her scarlet letter gives her a new sense of power. The letter gives her the power to see the sins on the hearts of others. However it doesn’t make her feel better it makes her feel worse. It causes her to feel as if not everyone sins and that there is still someone in the world that hasn’t sinned. Herman Melville described Hawthorne’s work as an â€Å"uneven balance† between transcendental and puritan view. Transcendentalists believe that man is born essentially good while Puritans believe in total depravity, humans are naturally evil. The unbalance describe by Melville is that there is evil in the world and people are naturally evil, but nature will still respond with forgiveness. This is a conflict in The Scarlett Letter. At the beginning of the novel, the scene opens withShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Harassment and Abuse of Women in the Military Free Essays

Women all around the world who are in the military are constantly getting harassed and raped by the soldiers and there is nothing that anybody is doing about it. There are many solutions that have been tried to prevent women abuse in the military, but many of them have failed. For example, the government, a few years ago made it clear that they were not going to tolerate any harassments from anybody, yet they did not keep their word. We will write a custom essay sample on Harassment and Abuse of Women in the Military or any similar topic only for you Order Now A few years ago, the government tried to prevent women from getting abused, by just warning the men to not to do it again. Apparently, that solution did not work out very well. Up until now there are women that are still getting harassed and raped, yet the only thing that is being done, is that fact that the men are the one’s that are being told, â€Å"Don’t Do It Again! † This is all that they do. Only a simple warning, no punishment. Before World War I, women assisted the military during wartime mainly as nurses and helpers. Some women, however, did become involved in battles. Molly Pitcher, a Revolutionary War water carrier, singlehandedly kept a cannon in action after a artillery crew had been disabled. During the Revolutionary and the Civil War, a few women disguised themselves as men and took part in hand-to-hand combat. The first enlisted women served in World War I as telephone and radio operators, translators, and clerks. But it was not until World War II that women became part of the regular military. Each service had its own women’s corps commanded by female officers. The first of these units, the Women’s Army Corps (WACs), enlisted 400,000 women during the war to work in jobs that freed men to fight. Following the war, the Women’s Services Integration Act of 1948 established a permanent place for women in all branches of the military. But promotions for female officers were limited, and women were banned from ground combat jobs as well as from most Navy ships and Air Force aircraft. By the mid-1960s, about 70 percent of enlisted women worked in clerical and other office jobs. The Army and the other services at first resisted sending women to Vietnam fearing that they would notbe able to handle the stress of being in a war zone. But 7,500 military women, mainly nurses, eventually served in Vietnam. Several died in hostile action. How to cite Harassment and Abuse of Women in the Military, Papers

Such as in many parts of Africa Essay Example For Students

Such as in many parts of Africa Essay Marriage payments occur in many different forms throughout the world. They take many different forms and so it is rather difficult to give any general descriptions of how they work. However, speaking very broadly, two main contrasting types of payment stick out: bridewealth and dowry. In decades past, anthropologists, such as Nair and Mandelbaum, seem to have placed these two forms of property transmission at opposite ends of a scale. In simple terms, bridewealth was seen as payment from the groom or his kin to the family of his wife, while a dowry was defined as a payment from the brides kin to the groom or his family. Each form of payment was seen as being representative of other values of the society: specifically, what worth was placed on womens labour. It was thought that in societies where farming tools were basic (predominantly hoes) and land was freely available (such as in many parts of Africa), bridewealth was the more likely form of marriage payment, as there would be plenty of land for women to be put to productive work on. We will write a custom essay on Such as in many parts of Africa specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Therefore, a bride-to-bes family would desire compensation for the loss of a worker. In contrast to this, it was thought that in more densely populated regions, where land had more value and more efficient farming methods (i. e. ploughs) were used, dowries were more likely to be paid. This was because it was thought that women would have less of a productive role to play, as the men could handle all of the farm work, and so a husband would be paid to take on the economic liability of a woman. As Goody points out, this is something of a black and white view, and the two systems cannot really be seen as being in strict opposition to one another, as bridewealth does not go to the bride, but to her kin ; it is wealth for, not to, the bride, while dowry does not go to her kin, but to the bride herself, sometimes to her husband (a least for safekeeping), or even to both spouses jointly (Goody, p6). The systems may be in contrast but they do not diametrically oppose one another. Neither does it seem correct to say that marriage payments are purely reflections of a womans work value. For one thing, Dowry can be seen as a type of pre-mortem inheritance to the bride (Goody, p1). If this is taken to be the case, then the father is not so much providing the groom with money to take away an unproductive female, as giving his daughter her due part of his estate at the time when she leaves the natal home to start a family of her own. Not all anthropologists accept this point. Sharma is sceptical of the idea that dowry can legitimately be seen as a form of inheritance in the North Indian Hindu societies where she did her fieldwork, claiming that dowry property is not womens wealth, but wealth that goes with women (Sharma, p70). She does acknowledge that in certain cultures (i. e. in Greece) it may be accurate to see dowry as inheritance but disputes its applicability to Hindu society, despite the fact that Hindus themselves verbally subscribe to it. She points out that the dowry does not represent a fixed share of a particular divisible estate; the amount is fixed with reference to the state of the marriage market and the brides familys circumstances at the time of marriage (Sharma, p70). Sharma is quite insistent that dowry is not paid to the bride herself but to her husbands family (Sharma, p70). She says that any property that moves with the bride will largely come under the control of her mother-in-law. While this may practically seem to be the case, one does wonder whether we simply see it this way due to ethnocentric blinkers, something Sharma herself touches on. .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .postImageUrl , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:visited , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:active { border:0!important; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:active , .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34 .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29766de01c3f1c942579606d331abe34:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genetically Engineered Food EssayShe mentions the conflict between the modern, western individualistic notion of property and the conventional ideology in North Indian society, (where) property accrues to the household as a corporate group rather than to individual persons (Sharma, p62). While the property may move out of the direct control of the bride, the attitude with which this happens seems open to debate. It may be that the mother-in-law simply takes advantage and seizes control. However, it could equally be the case that the property genuinely passes to the family as a unit.

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Essays - Superconductivity, Free Essays

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY Essays - Superconductivity, Free Essays SUPERCONDUCTIVITY The definition of superconductivity. Superconductivity is a phenomenon displayed by certain conductors that show no resistance to the flow of electric current. Conductors are materials in which the electron current goes through. There are 4 different kinds of conductors. Insulators, like glass or wood, have a very high resistance while semi-conductors, such as silicon, have a medium resistance. Conductors, like copper and other metals, have very low resistance, and superconductors, comprised of certain metals such as mercury and ceramics such as lanthanum-barium-copper-oxide, have no resistance. Resistance is an obstacle in the flow of electricity. Superconductors also have strong dimagnetism. In other words, they are repelled by magnetic fields. Due to these special characteristics of superconductors, no electrical energy is lost while flowing and since magnetic levitation above a superconductor is possible, new technology in the future could include high-speed trains that travel at 483 km/h (300 mph) while levitating on a cushion of air, powerful medical systems that have many more capabilities than the CAT scan, or even magnetically driven ships that get their power from the ocean itself (Gibilisco 1993, p 28). Making materials become superconductors. When superconductivity was first discovered, it was established that the compounds needed to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero (zero Kelvin). Zero degrees Kelvin is the same as -460 degrees Fahrenheit and -273 degrees Celsius. The large amount of cooling was done by putting the compound in liquid helium. Helium, which is usually a gas, liquefies when its temperature drops to 4 K. Once the material had cooled to that temperature, it became a superconductor. However, using liquid helium to cool down material has been a problem. Liquid helium is very expensive, and the cooling equipment is very large (Langone 1989, p 8). In the past, there was no economic incentive to replace ordinary conductors with superconductors because the cooling costs for superconductors were so high. Scientists have tried to find ways to overcome the cooling problems, and so far they have found 2. The first is to find a way to cool the material using something less expensive and less bulky than liquid helium. The second way is to raise the temperatures that are necessary to cause superconductivity in the metals, or the critical temperatures. By combining materials into superconducting alloys, the temperature was raised slightly. By 1933, the critical temperature was at 10 K, and it wasn't until 1969 when the critical temperature was raised to 23 K and scientists tried, unsuccessfully, to raise it again. Then, in 1986, 2 IBM researchers in Zurich found a complex ceramic material that was superconducting at 30 K. After being increased to 39 K in late 1986, a critical temperature of 98 K was reported by Ching-WuChu and his research team at the University of Houston in 1987. A new coolant was then used. Liquid nitrogen liquefies at 77 K, is fairly inexpensive, and can even be carried around in a thermos (Mayo 1988, p 7). Liquid nitrogen costs about 50 cents a liter, while liquid h elium costs several dollars a liter. Thanks to this new discovery, efficient and cost-effective superconductors could be created. HISTORY OF THE SUPERCONDUCTOR Discovery. In 1911, the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes discovered superconductivity while doing research on the effects of extremely cold temperatures on the properties of metals. While conducting his experiments, he discovered that mercury list all resistance to the flow of electricity when it was cooled to about 4 K. He then went on to discover superconductivity in other metals. In each case, the material had to be cooled to within several degrees Kelvin to absolute zero. To further his experiments, Onnes once put a current in a superconductor that was formed in the shape of a ring, and cooled it in liquid helium. One year after removing the source of electricity, the current was still flowing at its original strength in the superconductor (Hazen 1988, p 31). The only downside to the new finding was that scientists were unable to explain how it worked. Many scientists had theories, but it was Albert Einstein who perhaps summed it up best when he said in 1922, "With our cons iderable ignorance of complicated quantum-mechanical systems, we are far from

How to get Your CDL in Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi

How to get Your CDL in Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi This article is useful for anyone who wants to get a CDL in Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi. If you want to learn about earning a CDL at other states, we have put together a comprehensive guide on how to get a commercial driver’s license in every state of the country. AlabamaBefore You Apply for Your CDL1. Get you  doctor to fill out  the current Department of Transportation Medical Examination Report (Form 649-F)2. Learn or review  the rules and regulations of commercial driving. You can study these in Alabama’s Commercial Driver License Manual.How to ApplyTake the following documents to your nearest Driver License Division office (make sure to research ahead for one that handles CDLs!):A current Alabama driver’s licenseA Social Security card or other proof of Social Security numberYour current DOT medical certificate (from above)Proof of insurance for the testing vehicle if you are taking the skills test$25 for the written test, $20 for the skills testL icense fees vary depending on your desired  class of license. Class A costs $66.25; Class B costs $56.25; Class Ccosts $36.25. If you are purchasing a CDL  or a license to operate only a school bus, the fee is $36.25.What to Expect When TestingFirst, on test day,  you will take one or more knowledge tests (which are written), depending on the license and endorsements you want.Then, if you pass the knowledge tests, you qualify to take the skills test (which is a driving test). Another option at this point is choosing to  be issued a learner’s license, which will allow you to practice driving  a rig with a licensed commercial driver in the passenger seat.When you feel   ready to take the on-road driving test, you can make another appointment at  the CDL licensing office.  The driving skills test includes: vehicle inspection (where you must  prove your vehicle’s safety and show your inspection skills), vehicle control (you will be asked to drive forward, backward, and in turns, in a small  area), and the actual driving test (this tests how well you know  Ã‚  signs, driving laws, and regulations).ArkansasBefore you take your certification exams, you must assess your driving record. If you have any serious offenses, like  DUI, you may be disqualified.The Knowledge TestsYou must pass the written knowledge test before you can take your road skills test. In order to familiarize yourself with the content of the exam, study the Arkansas  CDL Manual  to learn about driver safety, cargo safety, equipment, traffic rules, inspection procedures, and hazardous materials.To bring on test day:Documents that prove your age and identity$42, which is the fee for your CDLIf you haul hazardous materials, you will need to have federal  background and fingerprint check.The Road Skills TestAfter you have passed the written tests, you are ready for the road skills test.  On this test, you will be asked to perform driver tasks including pre-t rip inspections, changing lanes, tying down cargo, and maneuvering intersections.  The Arkansas CDL Manual review everything you will be tested on- review the criteria before test day so you are familiar with the tasks you will face.RequirementsYou must self-certify one of the following driving categories with the Arkansas DMV:Non-Excepted InterstateExcepted InterstateNon-Excepted IntrastateExcepted IntrastateIf you choose Non-Excepted Interstate, you must provide the DMV with a federal medical certificate.MississippiTo obtain a CDL in Mississippi, you must hold a  Regular Class R driver’s license. You must also obtain a current medical card when applying.Testing for the CDLNext stop is to take and pass the written and skills tests. All the information you need to know about the exam is in the Professional Driver’s Manual, which you can find at any  driver’s license office  throughout the state. You can schedule an appointment for the driving test either   online  or by phone.What You Must BringYour valid Mississippi driver’s license, a CDL learner’s permit, and your completed application for your desired CDLAnother driver to accompany you who holds the same class CDL license (or greater) as the one you seekA current medical cardThe same class of vehicle you will be driving once you obtain your CDL (it must pass inspection before any tests will be administered)A Social Security cardProof of residency (electric or water bill, lease agreement, vehicle-registration receipt, mortgage documents, homestead exemption receipt, bank statement, notarized employer verification on company letterhead (with a phone number) that states your address)Appropriate feesOut-of-state applicants applying for a Mississippi CDL can use their valid driver’s license from another stateNote: If your job entails hauling hazardous materials, you must undergo a background check. You will have to complete a  Driver’s License Hazard ous Materials Endorsement Application  and pay a fee.